structure and function of plants

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLANT PAPER

Arranged by

1.  Ndzani Latifatur R.  (100 341 400 702)

2.  Rendra Dwi Cahya  (100 341 404 602)

3.  Septi Darlia Putri    (100 341 400 693)

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MALANG

FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE

BIOLOGY PROGRAM

October 2010

PREFACE

Give thanks to God because of His love we can finish this paper  well. The paper is arranged to complete the biology task, that is lectured by Mr. Fatchurrahman and Mrs. Nuning. Because of it, the writes want to give thanks to:

1.   Mr. Fatchurrahman who have given us learning about biology and taught us wisely

2.   Mrs. Nuning who has taught us more in English

3.   All of  my friend and other people who have help us when the paper arranged.

The writers know that there are nothing perfect, and so does this paper. Perhaps  There are some mistakes , therefore we say sorry for it.

Thankyou for your attention

   

Malang, October 2010

The writers team

CHAPTER I

1.1        Background

Plant is living things that can make their own food (autotrof). Beside that, the plant can also produce oxygen that can be used for theirselves and other living thing.

But, recently the existence of them destroyed by development buildings, homes, department and so on.

So,there are no space for plant that actually we are very need them so much. Therefore in this paper we try to give more explanation about plant. So we can realize and remember how important the plant is.  

         1.2   The purpose

1.    To know structure and function of plants organs

2.    To know various kinds of plant tissue

3.    To know function various of plant tissue

         1.3   The problem formule

1.    How the structure and function of plants organs?

2.    What is the function of each plant tissue?

CHAPTER  II

Plants, like most animals, have organs composed of different tissues, which in turn are composed of cells of different types. Atissue is a group ofcells with a common function. structure or both. An organ consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions.

These organs form a root system and a shoot system. Roots are typically nonphotosynthetic and stan-e unless photosylldrates. the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis, are imported from the shoot system. Conversely, the shoot system depends on the water and minerals that roots absorb from the soil.

          The organs of plant body consist of root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, and  seed. A root system consist of  roots and shoot system consist of stems and leaves. Meanwhile the flower, fruit, and  seed are additional body organs in plant.

A.   ROOT

A root is a multicellular organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores carbohydrates. Most eudicots and gymnosperms have a taproot system, consisting of one main vertical root, the taproot, that develops from an embryonic root. The taproot gives rise to lateral roots, also called branch roots.

In the group of higher level plants there are two root system, those are fibrous root system found in monocotyledon and aerial root system found in dicotyledon plant.

·         The Structure of Root

The structure of root is composed of outer structure (morphology) and inner structure (anatomy). Morphologically, root is composed of root hairs and root cap, while anatomically root is composed of epidermis, cortex, endodermis and central core.

1.    Morphology

a.    Root hairs

Root hairs are short-lived and constantly replaced. Aroot hair is a thin, tubular extension of a root epidermal cell. It should not be confused with a lateral root, which is a multicellular organ. Despite their great surface area, root hairs, unlike lateral roots, contribute little to plant anchorage. Their main function is absorption.

b.    Root cap

Root cap protects the tip of root that has property very soft and easily broken.Root cap has function to protect root cells from destruction as the effect of root growth penetrates soil.

2.    Anatomy

a.    Epidermis

Epidermis is layer that is composed of one layer of cell, it has thin wall, and has semipermeable property. The wall of root epidermis forms lumps that finally can form root hairs.

b.    Cortex

Cortex is layer that is composed of several cell layers that have thin walls. In cortex is found intercellular chambers that have function for gaseous exchange process. Cortex is found in the inner part of epidermis, it has ring shape from parenchyma cells, and it has function for food reservation.

c.    Endodermis

Endodermis is a cell layer that is located between cortex and central core. Endodermis has function to control the flow of water and mineral salts from cortex to the central core.

d.    Central core

Central core is the middle part of root that is located in inner part of endodermis. The central core consist of pericycle and vascular bundles (xylem and floem).

·         The function of Root

a.    Absorbing water and mineral salt

b.    Sticking and supporting body

c.    As storage of food reservation

d.    Helping respiration

B.   STEM

A stem is an organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes, the points at which leaves are attached, and internodes, the stem segments between nodes.

·         The Structure of Stem

1.    Morphology

The outer structure of stem in higher level plants is separated of outer structure of herbaceous plants and outer structure of woody plants.

a.    The morphology stem of herbaceous plants

The stem of herbaceous plant commonly has characteristics : soft, has green colour, its woody tissue is a little amount or not existing at all, the size of stem is small, and has short age. The outer part of stem is thin epidermis. In epidermis is found stomata so can happen gaseous exchange of oxygen with carbondioxyde.

b.    The morphology stem of woody plants

The stem of woody plant commonly has characteristics : it has hard stem, thick, has chocolate colour, and has long age. The old stem, its surface is rather rough, and in certain region is found lenticel. The young stem is equal to herbaceous stem. Both have cloropyl so can do photosynthesis process.

2.    Anatomy

a.    Epidermis

Epidermis is the outer layer so intercellular chambers are not found. Its cell wall is rather thick and its outer layer is covered by cuticle. Epidermis has function as protector layer to protect layer inside of it.

b.    Cortex

Cortex is layer that is found in the inner of epidermis. Cortex has function to store food in stem.

c.    Endodermis

Endodermis is layer that is located between cortex and central core.

d.    Central core

Central core is the most inner layer. Inside of it is found xylem, phloem, and medulla. Xylem and phloem form transport vascular bundle that is found along stem, branch, trunk, and leaf bone.

·         Function of Stem

Stem has main function to distribute water and mineral salt from root to leaves and distributing food substances of photosynthesis products from leaves to entire parts of plant. Besides, stem also has function as the place of sticking of leaves, flower and seed.

C.   LEAF

In most vascular plants, the leaf is the main photosynthetic organ, although green stems also perform photosynthesis. Leaves vary extensively in form but generally consist of a flattened blade and a stalk, the petiole, which joins the leaf to the stem at a node

·         The Structure of Leaf

1.    Morphology

Based on composition of leaf, leaf is separated to be simple leaf, compound leaf and doubly compound leaf. Simple leaf is a simple leaf has a single, undivided blade. Some simple leaves are deeply lobed. Compound leaf: In a compound leaf, the blade consists of multiple leaflets. Notice that a leaflet has no axillary bud at its base. Doubly compound leaf: In adoubly compound leaf, each leaflet is divided intosmaller leaflets.

Based on the shape of composition of veins, leaf is separated to be pinnafitid leaf, palmate leaf, bending boned leaf, lancolate leaf.

Pinnafitid leaf and palmate leaf are commonly found in dicotyledon plants, while bending and parallel boned leaves are commonly found in monocotyledon plants.

Based on the shape of leaf edge , leaf is separated to be entire edged leaf and nonflat edged leaf.

2.    Anatomy

a.    Epidermis

Epidermis consist of top epidermis and bottom epidermis. Epidermis is covered by cuticle, that is the part that is hard penetrated by water so it has function to rumpede the vapourization of water.

b.    Palisade Tisssue

Pallisade tissue is found under top epidermis. Its cell are long and composed densely like pole, so it is often called as pole tissue. Its cells many contains chloroplast the place to form chlorophyl, so in this tissue happens photosynthesis process.

c.    Spongy tissue

Spongy tissue is located under pallisade tissue. It is called as spongy tissue because its cells are composed not dense so it is found air cavities the place of gaseous exchange happens.

·         The function of Leaf

a.    The place of Photosynthesis

b.    The place of gaseous exchange

D.   FLOWER

Flower is additional organ in plant. Flower is not always found in plant means several plants have no flowers.

·         The Structure of Flower

a.    Sepal

Sepal is the outer part of flower that consist of connection of leaf modifications, that is composed in one or several circles. Sepal has function to protect inner parts of flower, particularly in flower that still bud.

b.    Petals

Petal is located inside sepal.

c.    Stamen

Stamen is male reproduction organ that is located in the middle of petal. Stamen consists of filament and anther.

d.    Pistil

Pistil is female reproduction organ that is found in centre part of flower. Pistil consists of stigma, style, ovule, ovary, and ovum.

·         The function of flower

The main function of flower is as generative reproduction organ. Besides as generative reproduction organ, flower also has function as plant ornament jewelry.

E.   FRUIT

Fruit is not main organ in plant.

·         The kinds of Fruit

Based on its formation, fruit is divided into two kind, those are true fruit and false fruit.

a.    True fruit

Fruit that is formed by all tissue in ovary.

b.    False fruit

Fruits that is formed not only from its ovary, but also comes from another parts of the flower.

·         The Structure of Fruit

Fruit is composed of seed, fruit meat, and fruit skin.

Fruit skin is separated into three layers, those are epicarp that is hard, mesocarp of thick and has meat or fibrous, endocarp of thin layer or hard cell layer.

·         The Function of Fruit

Fruit that inside is found seed has function as plant embryo.

F.    SEED

Seed is additional organ in plant. Eventhough, the seed is main reproduction organ for seed plant because inside that seed is found forthcoming of the new individual. The shape of seed is various, some have shapes of round, long, oval, and so on.

Seed is divided into 3 main parts, those are seed skin, endosperm, and embryo.

PLANT TISSUE

Plant tissue is formed from plant cells that undergo fission, magnification, and differentation. Based on its ability to split, plant tissue is grouped into , those are meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.

A.   Meristematic Tissue

Meristematic tissue is often called embryonic tissue. Meristematic tissue has several characteristics those are :

-          Its cells have thin wall

-          Its shape and size of cell are equal

-          Its relatively rich of protoplasm

-          The content of its cells does not contain crystal and food reservation.

-          Commonly it has very small cell cavity.

Based on its origin, meristematic tissue is separated into two those are :

a.    Primary meristem

Meristem that its cells are direct development of embryonic cells so the advance of embryonic vessel. Its example is in stem tip bud and the tip of root.

b.    Secondary Meristem

Meristem that comes from adult tissue that has made differentation, such as cambium and cork cambium that happens from parenchyma and collenchyma.

Based on its location meristem divided into three those are :

1. Apical Meristems

          Apical meristems are located at the tips of stems and roots. The activity of these meristems results in an increase in plant length.     

2. Lateral meristems

          Lateral meristems are found near the periphery of stems and roots and are responsible for increase in diameter.

3.Intercalar meristems

This tissue  found in the nodes of grasses

B.   Permanent Tissue

This tissue has specific characteristics, those are :

-          Its cell wall has undergone thickening.

-          The shape of its cells are relatively permanent.

-          Commonly it does not make fission anymore.

-          It has big cell cavity.

Permanent Tissue divided into 3 tissue, those are dermal tissue, vascular tissue and ground tissue.

a.   Dermal Tissue

The dermal tissue or epidermis, is generally a single layer of tightly packed cells that covers and protects all young parts of the plant.The epidermis has other specialized characteristics consistent with the function of the organ it covers.

-          For example, the roots hairs are extensions of epidermal cells near the tips of the roots.

-          The epidermis of leaves and most stems secretes a waxy coating, the cuticle, that helps the aerial parts of the plant retain water.

Epidermis tissue has main function to protect tissue inside of it. Another function is to protect of mechanical destruction, keep tissue temperature for not too high, and prevent the excessive vaporization.

b.   Vascular Tissue

Vascular tissue, continuous throughout the plant, is involved in the transport of materials between roots and shoots. Vascular tissue is divided into 2 kinds those are xylem and phloem.

·         Xylem

Xylem conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots. The main element of xylem tissue former is tracheid, trachea, xylem fiber and xylem parenchyma.

·         Phloem

Phloem transports food made in mature leaves to the roots and to nonphotosynthetic parts of the shoot system. Elements of phloem tissue former are filter hair, comparator cell, parenchyma, fiber and sclereid.

c.    Ground Tissue

Ground tissue is tissue that is neither dermal tissue nor vascular tissue.

There are three kinds of ground tissue : Collenchyma, Parenchyma, and Sclerenchyma

·         Parenchyma Tissue

Parenchyma tissue can be found mainly in the stem skin, root skin, leaf meat, fruit meat and endosperm. Parenchyma tissue is composed of living cells that shape, size, or its physiological function are different.But cells do not much undergo specialization. Parenchyma cell also has function to store water, synthesize, and store food reservation substance.

·         Collenchyma Tissue

Cells that compose this tissue are living cells with active protoplasm. Its cell wall can undergo thickening by cellulose. Shape of parenchyma cells are enlengthen, happen non uniform thickening of cell wall, and has plastic property. Function of collenchyma tissue is to strengthen the standing of plant.

·         Schlerenchim Tissue

This tissue is strengthener tissue that is thickened by lygnin so this tissue is very trong. This tissue is separated into two kinds, those are schlereid and fiber.

CHAPTER III

3.1 Conclusion

Based on our material that we discuss together, we can conclude that :

a. The plant consist of tissues and organ that work together

b. Each tissues and organ have specific function

3.2 Suggestion

To keep our environment we must make conservation for the plant. Because they make the earth save and comfortable for the all living things.

The writer realize that this paper still less in the material, so we need more suggestion from the reader. Thanks.

REFERENCE LIST

Campbell,Neil A and Reece, Jane B.2003.Biologi Edisi Kelima-Jilid 2.Jakarta: Erlangga.

Campbell,Neil A and Reece,Jane B.2002.Biology4th Edition.California: The Benjamins/cummings publishing company, inc.

Campbell,Neil A and Reece,Jane B.2008.Biology8th Edition.California: The Benjamins/cummings publishing company, inc.

Nurhayati, Nunung. 2008. Biologi Bilingual. Bandung : Yrama Widya.

Nurhayati, Nunung. 2008. Pelajaran IPA-Biologi Bilingual. Bandung : Yrama Widya.

Tim Olimpiade Biologi Indonesia. Biologi Untuk SMA Edisi Kedua

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