The
Effect of Concentration of Curcuma longa Extract
On
Its Ability as a Natural Acid-Base Indicator
REPORT
Arranged in partial fulfillment Research Methods
that
guided by Prof. Dra. Herawati Susilo, M.Sc., Ph. D., Dr. Hadi Suwono, M.Si., and Prof. Dr. Yusuf
Abdurrajak
By:
Class A.Off A
1.
Septi Darlia
Putri (100341400693)
2.
Tutut Indria
Permana (100341400716)
The
Learning University
UNIVERSITY OF MALANG
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
December 2011
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
The
experiments that done to determine the pH of the solution and the determination
of end point titration of acid-base indicator is required. Acid-base indicators
are commonly used in laboratories include methyl orange, phenolphthalein, and
bromine thymol blue. These indicators are commonly known as a laboratory
indicator. However, these laboratory indicators are expensive, so not all
schools can provide it. It is therefore necessary to find an alternative
indicator, which is easily obtained but able to replace the function of these
indicators. Some natural ingredients that can be used as an indicator of
natural ingredients that have been researched and has the potential to replace
the indicator function of the laboratory is turmeric (Curcuma longa), crown hibiscus (Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis), roses (Rosa hybrida),
and red cabbage (Brassica oleracea).
(Haryani, 2010)
In acidic
solutions (pH
<7.4) it turns yellow, whereas in basic (pH > 8.6) solutions it turns
bright red. (Awasthi, 2009). From the information above, we would like to
investigate the appropriate concentration of Curcuma longa extract that can used to be natural acid-base indicator.
We choose this topic because the material that needed are available. The price
of turmeric is relatively cheap and we can find it easily. In addition, this
experiment is possible to do for us.
B.
Problem Formula
From
the background above, we can find the problem formula of this experiment. The
problem formula of this experiment is:
How is the
effect of concentration of Curcuma longa extract
on its ability as natural acid-base indicator?
C.
Objective
From
the problem formula above, the objective of this experiment is to investigate
the effect of concentration of Curcuma
longa extract on its ability as natural acid-base indicator.
D.
Variables
1. Independent variable :
the concentration of Curcuma longa extract.
2. Dependent variable :
the ability of Curcuma longa extract
as natural acid-base indicator.
3. Constant : the kind of acid and based
solution that used in experiment, concentration of acid and base solution, volume of acid and base
solution that add to test the turmeric extract ability, same times of
observation, same of experimental environment condition.
4. Control : 0% concentration of turmeric
extract
E.
Hypothesis
If
the concentration of Curcuma longa extract
is increase, then its ability as natural acid-base indicator will be increase.
F.
Research Assumption
In
this experiment, researchers assumed that all of the turmeric that used is the
same species that has the same of chemical constituent. It contains of the same
percentage of curcumin. Curcumin is the major chemical constituent of turmeric
that have role on the color change in acid-base solution.
G.
Limitation
In this experiment, the researchers only
investigate the rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma
longa), exclude the stem and the leaves. So, the result of this experiment
just applies to the rhizome of Curcuma
longa species.
H.
Operational Definition
In this experiment, the operational definition of
variables is:
1.
Curcuma
longa extract
The Curcuma
longa extract is gotten by grating the
pared Curcuma longa rhizome using
grater. Then, filter the pulp to get the pure extract.
2.
Concentration of Curcuma
longa
The concentration of Curcuma longa gotten by dividing the volume of Curcuma longa extracts and
the volume of solvent multiple with 100%.
3.
Ability of Curcuma
longa extract as natural acid-base indicator
The researchers observe the ability of Curcuma longa extract as natural
acid-base indicator by look at the color change of it on the acid and base solution.
We compare the color darkness; the most effective concentration will give the
darkest color in acid and base solution.
CHAPTER
II
BASIC THEORY
A.
Study About Natural pH Indicators
Natural
indicators are indicator coming from natural dairy materials, which is getting
by making extract. The experiments
that done to determine the pH of the solution and the determination of end
point titration of acid-base indicator is required. Acid-base indicators are
commonly used in laboratories include methyl orange, phenolphthalein, and
bromine thymol blue. These indicators are commonly known as a laboratory
indicator. However, these laboratory indicators are expensive, so not all
schools can provide it.
Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative
indicator, which is easily obtained but able to replace the function of these
indicators. Some natural ingredients that can be used as an indicator of
natural ingredients that have been researched and has the potential to replace
the indicator function of the laboratory is turmeric (Curcuma longa), crown hibiscus (Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis), roses (Rosa hybrida),
and red cabbage (Brassica oleracea).
(Haryani, 2010)
Among the naturally occurring compounds show change
in color at different pH, are turmeric, Jack tree heartwood (Artocarpus
heerophyllus), Ratanjot (Arnebia nobilis), yellow onion (Allum
cepa) skins, beetroot (Beta Vulgaris), Jungle flame (Ixora
coccinea). (Khan, 2011)
Beside, the other natural indicators
that easily find are geranium, mangosteene husk, and beet fruit. (Anonym, 2011)
B. Study About
Turmeric
1.
Scientific
classification
Kingdom :
Plantae
Phylum : Angiosperms
Division : Monocots
Sub
division : Commelinids
Order : Zingiberales
Family : Zingiberaceae
Genus : Curcuma
Species : C. Longa
Binomial
name: Curcuma longa L.
2.
Introduction
of turmeric
Turmeric
(Curcuma longa) is a
rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is native to tropical
South Asia and needs temperatures
between 20 °C and 30 °C and a considerable amount of annual rainfall
to thrive. Plants are gathered annually for their rhizomes,
and propagated from some of those rhizomes in the following season.
When not used fresh, the rhizomes are
boiled for several hours and then dried in hot ovens, after which they are
ground into a deep orange-yellow powder commonly used as a spice in curries
and other South Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine,
for dyeing, and to impart color to mustard condiments. Its active ingredient is curcumin
and it has a distinctly earthy, slightly bitter, slightly hot peppery
flavor and a mustardy smell.
In medieval Europe, turmeric became
known as Indian saffron, since it was widely used as an alternative to the far
more expensive saffron
spice. Erode,
a city in the south Indian
state of Tamil Nadu,
is the world's largest producer and most important trading center of turmeric
in Asia. For these reasons, Erode in history is also known as "Yellow
City" or "Turmeric City". Sangli, a town
in the southern part of the Indian western state of Maharashtra,
is the second largest and most important trading center for turmeric in Asia.
Turmeric is commonly called haridra, haldar or haldi in India. (Indica, 1928)
3. Chemical constituent of Turmeric
The major components of the rhizome oil
were ar-turmerone (31.7%), α-turmerone (12.9%), β-turmerone (12.0%) and
(Z)-β-ocimene (5.5%). On the other hand the major constituents in the leaf oil
were α-phellandrene (9.1%), terpinolene (8.8%), 1, 8-cineole (7.3%) and
undecanol (7.1%) and p-cymene (5.5%). It can exist at
least in two tautomeric
forms, keto and enol. The keto form is preferred in solid phase and the enol
form in solution.
Curcumin is a pH indicator.
In acidic solutions (pH
<7.4) it turns yellow, whereas in basic (pH > 8.6) solutions it turns
bright red. (Awasthi, 2009)
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH
METHOD
A.
Experimental Design
In
this experiment, the researchers take the qualitative data from the experiment.
The data is taken by observe the darkness level of color change of Curcuma longa extract in acid and base solution.
Table 3.1 Experimental Design Diagram for Turmeric and
Natural pH Indicator
Title :
The Effect of Concentration of Curcuma longa Extract on Its Ability as a Natural Acid-Base
Indicator
Hypothesis : If the concentration of Curcuma
longa extract is increase, then its ability as natural acid-base indicator
will be increase.
|
IV : Concentration of Curcuma longa Extract
|
|||||
|
0%
|
20%
|
40%
|
60%
|
80%
|
100%
|
|
3 trial
|
3 trial
|
3 trial
|
3 trial
|
3 trial
|
3 trial
|
DV : Curcuma longa extract
ability as natural acid-base indicator
C : the kind of acid and based solution that used in
experiment, concentration of acid and
base solution, volume of acid and base solution that add to test the turmeric
extract ability, same times of observation, same of experimental environment
condition.
B.
Experimental Material
The
material that use in this experiment is the acid and base solution. The acid
solution that used is chloride acid (HCl 10%). The base solution that used is Natrium
hydroxide (NaOH 10%) solution.
C.
Time and Location of Experimental
1. Time
The researchers did the experiment on December 7th
2011.
2. Location
The researchers did the experiment in Plant Physiology
Laboratory, BIO 205, Biology Department, FMIPA, State University of Malang
D.
Population and Sample
1. Population
The population in this experiment is all of the acid
and base solution.
2. Sample
The sample in this experiment, for the acid solution
is chloride acid (HCl 10%). And the sample for base solution that used is Natrium
hydroxide (NaOH 10%) solution.
E.
Tools and Materials
1. Tools:
§ Balance
§ Measuring glass
§ Knife
§ Greater
§ Beaker glass
§ Stirrer
§ Filter
§ Pipette
§ Drop plate
2. Materials:
§ Curcuma longa rhizome
§ Aquades
§ Chloride
acid (HCl 10%)
§ Natrium hydroxide (NaOH 10%) solution
F.
Procedure
·
Procedure of making extract
1.
Prepared the tools and materials needed
2.
Pared the turmeric
3.
Cleaned up the pared turmeric
4.
Grated ¼ kg of turmeric rhizome using grater
5.
Filtered the turmeric pulp and take the extract
6.
Made the different concentration of extract (20%, 40%,
60% and 80%)
a)
20% concentration turmeric extract : dissolved 2,5 ml
of extract with 10 ml of aquadest
b)
40% concentration turmeric extract : dissolved 5 ml of
extract with 7,5 ml of aquadest
c)
60% concentration turmeric extract : dissolved 7,5 ml
of extract with 5 ml of aquadest
d)
80% concentration turmeric extract : dissolved 10 ml
of extract with 2,5 ml of aquadest
7.
Putted each extract on different container
·
Procedure of experiment
1.
Prepared 3 drop plates then put 5 drops of hydroxide
acid solution (HCl 10%) in each 18 holes of the plates and gave the labels on
it.
2.
Dropped 1 drop of each concentration of turmeric
extract for three times in different holes based on the labels
3.
Took a note about the result
4.
Prepared 3 drop plates then put 5 drops of natrium
hydroxide (NaOH 10%) in each 18 holes of the plates and gave the labels on it.
5.
Dropped 1 drop of each concentration of turmeric
extract for three times in different holes based on the labels
6.
Took a note about the result
7.
Prepared 3 drop plates; put 5 drops of different
concentration of turmeric extract in the first line. Put 5 drops of HCl 10%
solution that receive different concentration of in the second line. Put 5
drops of HCl 10% solution that receive different concentration of in the second
line.
8.
Made cooperation which concentration have the best
result
9.
Analyzed the data
G. Analisa Data
|
The
concentration of Curcuma longa
|
Trials
|
Solution
|
|
|
Chloride acid (HCl
10%)
|
Natrium
hydroxide (NaOH 10%)
|
||
|
0%
|
1
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
20%
|
1
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
40%
|
1
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
60%
|
1
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
80%
|
1
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
100%
|
1
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
Researchers
analyze the data based on descriptive method by look at the color change of
turmeric extract on the acid and base solution, and compare the color darkness
of solution.
Researchers analyze the data based on descriptive
statistic, because the data is belongs to ordinal data.
The rank of color darkness in HCl 10%:
1
= Lime
2
= Yellow
3
= Dark yellow
The rank of color darkness in NaOH 10%:
1
= Yellow
2
= Yellowish brown
3
= Brown
4
= Dark brown
The measure of central tendency is median and the
variation or spread on data show by use frequency distribution.
CHAPTER IV
DATA AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
A. Data
1. Turmeric
extract with chloride acid (HCl 10%)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note:
1
= HCl solution
before receive treatment
2
= HCl solution
with turmeric extract 20%
3
= HCl solution
with turmeric extract 40%
4
= HCl solution
with turmeric extract 60%
5
= HCl solution
with turmeric extract 80%
6
= HCl solution
with turmeric extract 100%
2. Turmeric
extract with natrium hydroxide (NaOH 10%)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note:
1
= NaOH solution
before receive treatment
2
= NaOH solution
with turmeric extract 20%
3
= NaOH solution
with turmeric extract 40%
4
= NaOH solution
with turmeric extract 60%
5
= NaOH solution
with turmeric extract 80%
6
= NaOH solution
with turmeric extract 100%
3. Comparison
between turmeric extract, HCl and NaOH
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note:
A = turmeric
extract
B = HCl 10%
C = NaOH 10%
1 = the
solution without treatment
2 = turmeric
extract 20%
3 = turmeric
extract 40%
4 = turmeric
extract 60%
5 = turmeric
extract 80%
6 = turmeric
extract 100%
Tabel
1. The result of experiment
|
The concentration of Curcuma
longa
|
Trials
|
Solution
|
|
|
Chloride acid (HCl 10%)
|
Natrium hydroxid (NaOH 10%)
|
||
|
0%
|
1
|
Transparent
|
Transparent
|
|
2
|
Transparent
|
Transparent
|
|
|
3
|
Transparent
|
Transparent
|
|
|
20%
|
1
|
Lime
|
Yellow
|
|
2
|
Lime
|
Yellow
|
|
|
3
|
Lime
|
Yellow
|
|
|
40%
|
1
|
Yellow
|
Yellowish brown
|
|
2
|
Yellow
|
Yellowish brown
|
|
|
3
|
Yellow
|
Yellowish brown
|
|
|
60%
|
1
|
Yellow
|
Brown
|
|
2
|
Lime
|
Brown
|
|
|
3
|
Yellow
|
Brown
|
|
|
80%
|
1
|
Yellow
|
Dark brown
|
|
2
|
Dark Yellow
|
Dark brown
|
|
|
3
|
Dark Yellow
|
Dark brown
|
|
|
100%
|
1
|
Lime
|
Dark brown
|
|
2
|
Lime
|
Dark brown
|
|
|
3
|
Yellow
|
Dark brown
|
|
B. Analysis of
Data
Table 2. Analysis of turmeric extract in HCl
10%
|
Descriptive information
|
Concentration of turmeric extract
|
||||
|
20%
|
40%
|
60%
|
80%
|
100%
|
|
|
Median
|
Lime
|
Yellow
|
Yellow
|
Dark
yellow
|
Lime
|
|
Frequency distribution
1= Lime
2= Yellow
3= Dark Yellow
|
3
0
0
|
0
3
0
|
1
2
0
|
0
1
2
|
2
1
0
|
|
Trials
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
Color
change of various concentration of turmeric extract in acid solution (HCl 10%)
summarize in Table 2. Lime found on 20% and 100% concentration of turmeric.
Yellow found on 40% and 60% concentration of turmeric. Dark yellow only found
in 80% concentration of turmeric.
No
variation occurred in 20%, all of turmeric extracts turn to lime color. Then no
variation occurred in 40%, all of turmeric extracts turn to yellow color. At
60% and 100% the color change of turmeric fell into two categories, lime and
yellow. And at 80% the color change of turmeric fell into two categories, yellow
and dark yellow.
The
data of color change or turmeric extract in acid solution (HCl 10%) not support
the hypothesis that the higher concentrations of turmeric extract give the best
color change in acid solution, because all of concentration can be used to be
natural indicator of acid.
Table
3. Analysis of turmeric extract in NaOH 10%
|
Descriptive information
|
Concentration of turmeric extract
|
||||
|
20%
|
40%
|
60%
|
80%
|
100%
|
|
|
Median
|
Yellow
|
Yellowish
brown
|
Brown
|
Dark brown
|
Dark
brown
|
|
Frequency distribution
1= Yellow
2= Yellowish brown
3= Brown
4= Dark brown
|
3
0
0
0
|
0
3
0
0
|
0
0
3
0
|
0
0
0
3
|
0
0
0
3
|
|
Trials
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
Color
change of various concentration of turmeric extract in base solution (NaOH 10%)
summarize in Table 3. Dark brown found on 80% and 100% concentration of
turmeric. Brown found 60% concentration of turmeric. Yellowish brown found in 40%
concentration of turmeric. And yellow found on 20% concentration of turmeric.
No
variation occurred in 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. At 20% all of turmeric extracts
turn to yellow color. At 40% all of
turmeric extracts turn to yellowish brown color. Then at 60% all of turmeric
extracts turn to brown color. And then at 80% and 100%, all of turmeric
extracts turn to dark brown color.
The
data of color change or turmeric extract in base solution (NaOH 10%) partially
support the hypothesis that the higher concentrations of turmeric extract give
the best color change in base solution. But the major color change in 80% and
100% is the same as.
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
The
objective of this experiment is to investigate the effect of concentration of Curcuma longa extract on its ability as
natural acid-base indicator. The major finding is in the acid solution, the
data show lime on 20% and 100% concentration of turmeric. Yellow found on 40%
and 60% concentration of turmeric. In the base solution dark brown found on 80%
and 100% concentration of turmeric.
Curcumin is an oil-soluble pigment,
practically insoluble in water at acidic and neutral pH, and soluble in alkali.
Curcumin color is relatively stable in acid solution, so there is a little
color change from the origin. Curcumin color is relatively stable in acid
solution, so there is a little color change from the origin. The principal colouring components of curcumin are
relatively stable at acidic pH, but they rapidly decompose at pH above neutral.
(Stankovic, 2004)
While in base solution curcumin are
decomposition to be vanillin and aceton that have red color. That’s why
curcumin turn red in pH > 8.5. (Stankovic, 2004).
Based on the experiment, the
result shows that in acid solution (HCl 10%), turmeric extract turn to lime,
yellow, and dark yellow color. In different concentration the color change of
turmeric extract are relatively same as around lime and yellow. It is because
the curcumin (the chemical substance of turmeric that have role in color change
in different condition) is not soluble in water. So the dissolving of extract
is not affecting the curcumin ability, but only in the quantities of it. The
data is not support the hypothesis that higher concentrations of turmeric
extract give the best color change in acid solution, because all of
concentration can be used to be natural indicator of acid.
The colors change in base
solution of different concentrations of turmeric extract show the gradation
color. The colors are yellow, yellowish brown, brown and dark brown. If the
concentrations of turmeric extract increase, the color change is darker. The
data partially support the hypothesis, but it is not significantly different.
Because in 80% and 100% concentrations of turmeric extract show the same color.
The
researcher concludes the result of experiment not support the hypothesis that if
the concentration of Curcuma longa extract
is increase, then its ability as natural acid-base indicator will be increase.
CHAPTER VI
CLOSING
A.
Conclusions
From
this experiment the researchers
conclude that if the concentration of Curcuma longa extract is increase, then its ability as natural
acid-base indicator is the same as.
B. Suggestions
·
It should be better if
the researcher observe the ability of Curcuma
longa extract in various pH solutions and compare it with universal
indicator or pH meter.
·
In the further study,
it more meaningful if the researcher utilizes turmeric extracts to determine
the pH value of solutions, so can replace the laboratory indicator.
REFERENCE
Anonym. Curcuma longa L. 2011. (online). www.wikipedia.com, accessed
on November 6th, 2011
Awasthi PK, Dixit SC. 2009. Chemical composition of Curcuma longa leaves and rhizome oil
from the plains of Northern India. (online). http://www.jyoungpharm.in,
accessed on November 6th,
2011
Haryani, Sri
& Agung T.P. 2010. Sosialisasi Penerapan Pemanfaatan Indikator
Bahan Alam dalam Pembelajaran
Titrasi Asam-Basa bagi Guru Kimia
dalam MGMP Kota Semarang, (Online),
(http://www.google.co.id/jurnal/indikatorbahanalam.html), accessed
on November, 8th 2011.
Khan, P.M.A.
& Farooqui, M. 2011. Analytical
Applications of Plant Extract as Natural pH Indicator: A Review. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 2 (4). (Online), (http://www.sciensage.info/jasr), accessed on December, 1st
2011.
LA. Usman, A.A
Hamid, et al. 2009. Chemical Composition of Rhizhome Essential Oil of Curcuma longa L. Growing in North Central Nigeria. (online). World Journal of Chemistry, accessed
on November 6th, 2011
Materia Indica. 1826. Whitelaw Ainslie. (online) www.google books.org, accessed
on November 6th, 2011
Shiyou Li, Wei
Yuan, et.al. 2011. Chemical Composition and Product Quality
Control of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)
(online). http://creativecommons.org,
accessed
on November 6th, 2011
Stankovic, Ivan. 2004. Curcumin. Chemical
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November 2011
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